逆电渗析反应器阴、阳极联合降解酸性橙Ⅱ实验研究

通过对由溶液浓差能驱动的逆电渗析(RED)反应器阴、阳极联合降解酸性橙Ⅱ模拟废水串、并联两种流程的实验研究,结果发现:在膜电势作用下,有机废水流经RED反应器阴、阳极时会生成两种强氧化剂—次氯酸(HClO)和过氧化氢(H_2O_2),在强氧化剂的作用下废水中有机物会发生氧化降解.在通过正交实验方法获得的最佳操作条件下,对1 L浓度为150 mg·L~(-1)酸性橙Ⅱ模拟废水进行20 min的降解实验.3次实验结果表明,串、并联流程的酸性橙Ⅱ平均降解率分别为59.26%和87.93%,平均脱色率分别为57.08%和86.87%,均低于RED阴、阳极独立降解时的降解率和脱色率.原因在于:在联合降解条件下反应器阴、阳极之间的产物会相互干扰,使得废水中有机物降解率降低.但降解过程中循环废水的pH值可以保持稳定.     

甲基异噻唑琳酮对MBR出水微生物生长分泌特性及群落结构的影响

污水再生处理反渗透(RO)工艺已在国内外获得广泛应用,但膜污堵问题阻碍RO工艺的进一步推广.投加非氧化性抑菌剂是控制RO膜生物污堵的常用手段,能够抑制细菌生长,但对细菌代谢产物分泌特性的影响尚不清楚.本课题的前期研究表明,细菌的胞外多聚物(EPS)是导致反渗透膜生物污堵的重要因素,细菌数量并非导致RO膜污堵的主要原因.针对上述问题,本文系统考察了典型非氧化性抑菌剂——甲基异噻唑啉酮(MIT)对RO系统进水(MBR出水)微生物的生长特性、群落结构及分泌特性的影响.研究发现,随MIT浓度增加,微生物生长迟滞期明显增长,但稳定期生物量增加;放线菌门、放线菌纲、类节杆菌属相对丰度明显增加;微生物分泌产物胞外多聚物(EPS)浓度增加,可能加重RO膜污堵潜势.上述结果表明,在污水再生处理反渗透系统中,MIT高浓度、长时间间隔的冲击式投加可能不利于膜污堵控制.     

Design of nanofibre interlayer supported forward osmosis composite membranes and its evaluation in fouling study with cleaning

• A fine fibre (40–60 nm diameter) interlayer (~1 µm thickness) was electrospun. • Fine fibre interlayer promoted formation of defect-free dense polyamide layer. • FO membrane with dual-layer substrate had less organic fouling potential. • High reverse salt flux accelerated organic fouling on FO membrane. Nanofibre-supported forward osmosis (FO) membranes have gained popularity owing to their low structural parameters and high water flux. However, the nanofibrous membranes are less stable in long-term use, and their fouling behaviours with foulants in both feed solution (FS) and draw solution (DS) is less studied. This study developed a nanofibrous thin-film composite (TFC) FO membrane by designing a tiered dual-layer nanofibrous substrate to enhance membrane stability during long-term usage and cleaning. Various characterisation methods were used to study the effect of the electrospun nanofibre interlayer and drying time, which is the interval after removing the M-phenylenediamine (MPD) solution and before reacting with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) solution, on the intrinsic separation FO performance. The separation performance of the dual-layer nanofibrous FO membranes was examined using model foulants (sodium alginate and bovine serum albumin) in both the FS and DS. The dual-layer nanofibrous substrate was superior to the single-layer nanofibrous substrate and showed a flux of 30.2 L/m²/h (LMH) when using 1.5 mol/L NaCl against deionised (DI) water in the active layer facing draw solution (AL-DS) mode. In the fouling test, the water flux was effectively improved without sacrificing the water/solute selectivity under the condition that foulants existed in both the FS and DS. In addition, the dual-layer nanofibrous TFC FO membrane was more robust during the fouling test and cleaning.     

袋式除尘器用滤布粉尘层剥离性能实验研究

通过对袋式除尘器用滤布反吹风清灰效果以及惯性力甩脱清灰效果的研究,实验表明,反吹风清灰时,在一定反吹风速下,滤布上粉尘负荷越大,清灰效果越好;在一定粉尘负荷下,粉尘剥离率随反吹风风速的增加而提高,当反吹风速增加到0.07 m/s时,剥离率趋于平缓;惯性力清灰时,在一定转速下,粉尘剥离率随粉尘负荷的增加而提高;在一定粉尘负荷下,粉尘剥离率随着惯性力的增加而提高,当惯性力达到200 Pa时,剥离率基本稳定;剥离力与剥离率具有良好的相关性,符合准=F/(a+bF)形式。研究结果有助于深化袋式除尘器清灰机理的认识,同时为袋式除尘器清灰方式和运行参数的选取提供科学依据。     

B2C服饰类电商企业逆向物流网络联建研究

在电子商务环境下,由于网络购物的兴起,导致大量退货逆向物流和回收逆向物流.鉴于国内多数电商企业没有完善的逆向物流系统,相关学术研究和出版物较少,网购产品中81.8％是服装鞋帽类产品,故提出一种基于电商环境下服饰类行业联合构建逆向物流网络.该网络模型旨在降低两大逆向物流的回收成本,形成规模效应和溢出效应.因此,构建了0-1MILP数学模型和模拟数据,借助Lingo9.0计算软件找出模型的最佳运营状态,为服饰类电商企业高效完成逆向物流活动、提高服务质量、增强行业竞争力提供思路.     

Comparing Contaminant Removal Costs for Aquifer Recharge with Wastewater with Water Supply Benefits

The use of waters of impaired quality has been suggested as a means to expand available water resources supply for water‐limited communities. An ongoing concern is the safety of supplies that use wastewater because of the potential for introduction of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals into drinking water supplies. Prior research into contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) have included a variety of methods, but the only consistent removal is with reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, ultraviolet light (UV), and advanced oxidation processes (AOP). However, few of these prior studies have measurable quantities of these contaminants in the influent wastewater, so determining actual removal percentages is difficult. This project was designed to evaluate the removal of CECs to verify that a 3‐log removal of common constituents was realized. Spike testing was used to compare to prior research and to evaluate whether the project costs were competitive with other forms of reuse or other water supplies. The combination of RO/UV/AOP was effective at obtaining a 3‐log removal of CECs, but the RO and UV/AOP processes alone were not capable of removing all substances. However, despite the extensive treatment, the proposed process was both competitive cost‐wise and met the water quality goals.     

Ozonation as an efficient pretreatment method to alleviate reverse osmosis membrane fouling caused by complexes of humic acid and calcium ion

Humic acids (HA) didn’t cause obvious reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling in 45 h. Osmotic pressure (NaCl) affected slightly the RO membrane fouling behavior of HA. Ca²⁺ promoted aggregation of HA molecules and thus aggravated RO membrane fouling. Ozonation eliminated the effect of Ca²⁺ on the RO membrane fouling behavior of HA. The change of the structure of HA was related to its membrane fouling behavior. Humic acid has been considered as one of the most significant sources in feed water causing organic fouling of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, but the relationship between the fouling behavior of humic acid and the change of its molecular structure has not been well developed yet. In this study, the RO membrane fouling behavior of humic acid was studied systematically with ozonation as a pretreatment method to control RO membrane fouling. Furthermore, the effect of ozone on the structure of humic acid was also explored to reveal the mechanisms. Humic acid alone (10–90 mg/L, in deionized water) was found not to cause obvious RO membrane fouling in 45-h operation. However, the presence of Ca²⁺ aggravated significantly the RO membrane fouling caused by humic acid, with significant flux reduction and denser fouling layer on RO membrane, as it was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). However, after the pretreatment by ozone, the influence of Ca²⁺ was almost eliminated. Further analysis revealed that the addition of Ca²⁺ increased the particle size of humic acid solution significantly, while ozonation reduced the SUVA₂₅₄, particle size and molecular weight of the complexes of humic acid and Ca²⁺ (HA-Ca²⁺ complexes). According to these results and literature, the bridge effect of Ca²⁺ aggregating humic acid molecules and the cleavage effect of ozone breaking HA-Ca²⁺ complexes were summarized. The change of the structure of humic acid under the effect of Ca²⁺ and ozone is closely related to the change of its membrane fouling behavior.     

Simultaneously recovering electricity and water from wastewater by osmotic microbial fuel cells: Performance and membrane fouling

Since the concept of the osmotic microbial fuel cell (OsMFC) was introduced in 2011, it has attracted growing interests for its potential applications in wastewater treatment and energy recovery. However, forward osmosis (FO) membrane fouling resulting in a severe water flux decline remains a main obstacle. Until now, the fouling mechanisms of FO membrane especially the development of biofouling layer in the OsMFC are not yet clear. Here, the fouling behavior of FO membrane in OsMFCs was systematically investigated. The results indicated that a thick fouling layer including biofouling and inorganic fouling was existed on the FO membrane surface. Compared to the inorganic fouling, the biofouling played a more important role in the development of the fouling layer. Further analyses by the confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) implied that the growth of biofouling layer on the FO membrane surface in the OsMFC could be divided into three stages. Initially, microorganisms associated with ß-D-glucopyranose polysaccharides were deposited on the FO membrane surface. After that, the microorganisms grew into a biofilm caused a quick decrease of water flux. Subsequently, some of microorganisms were dead due to lack of nutrient source, in the meantime, polysaccharide and proteins in the biofouling layer were decomposed as nutrient source, thus leading to a slow development of the biofouling layer. Moreover, the microorganisms played a significant role in the formation and development of the biofouling layer, and further studies are needed to mitigate the deposition of microorganisms on FO membrane surfaces in OsMFCs.

Open image in new window

     

松软突出煤层水平钻孔反循环气力排屑机理

为了解决顺层钻进瓦斯抽放钻孔成孔难的问题,提出了松软突出煤层瓦斯抽放钻孔钻杆内孔反循环气力排屑新技术,建立煤屑颗粒在钻杆内孔的反循环气力输送数学模型,经仿真求解,分析了输送压力损失及固相速度的变化规律。结果表明,在顺层水平钻孔钻进过程中,煤屑在反循环气力作用下,气流速度在钻杆内孔中上部比较稳定,而在钻杆内孔下部靠近内壁处的气流速度明显下降且小于中心区域;在同一位置输送浓度越大,气流速度也越大;在输送浓度不同的情况下,随着输送气流速度的增加,钻杆内孔的压力损失先降低再增高,在钻杆内孔反循环气力排屑时存在最佳经济速度。     

Pilot study for the treatment of sodium and fluoride-contaminated groundwater by using high-pressure membrane systems

High-pressure membrane process is one of the cost-effective technologies for the treatment of groundwater containing excessive dissolved solids. This paper reports a pilot study in treating a typical groundwater in Huaibei Plain containing excessive sodium, sulfate and fluoride ions. Three membrane systems were set up and two brands of reverse osmosis (RO), four low-pressure RO (LPRO) and one tight nanofiltration (NF) membranes were tested under this pilot study. An apparent recovery rate at about 75% was adopted. Cartridge filtration, in combination with dosing antiscalent, was not sufficient to reduce the fouling potential of the raw water. All RO and LPRO systems (except for the two severely affected by membrane fouling) demonstrated similar rejection ratios of the conductivity (~98.5%), sodium (~98.5%) and fluoride (~99%). Membrane fouling substantially reduced the rejection performance of the fouled membranes. The tight NF membrane also had a good rejection on conductivity (95%), sodium (94%) and fluoride (95%). All membranes rejected sulfate ion almost completely (more than 99%). The electricity consumptions for the RO, LPRO and NF systems were 1.74, 1.10 and 0.72 kWh?m^-3 treated water, respectively. The estimated treatment costs by using typical RO, LPRO and tight NF membrane systems were 1.21, 0.98 and 0.96 CNY?m^-3 finished water, respectively. A treatment process consisting of either LPRO or tight NF facilities following multi-media filtration was suggested.